Students use patterns and rules to read and spell words which may include:
Doubling Rule 1-1-1
- If a 1 syllable root word ends in 1 consonant with 1 short vowel before it, double the final consonant of the root word when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel (e.g., hot + est = hottest)
- Do not double the final consonant if the suffix begins with a consonant (e.g., wild + ly = wildly)
Final Y Rule
- Final y after a consonant changes to i before any suffix (e.g., copy = copies, copied) EXCEPT one beginning with i such as -ing and –ist (e.g., copy = copying, copyist)
- Final y after a vowel is not changed before any suffix (e.g., boy = boys)
Regular Plurals
- Consonant digraphs: a combination of consonants representing a single speech sound (e.g., th in that, ch in chin)
- Vowel digraphs (also known as vowel teams or vowel pairs): two or more adjoining letters represent a single vowel sound; these can be long (e.g., maid, load, bead) or short (e.g., book, saw, friend)
FLS Rule
- Silent e rule: when e occurs at the end of a short word, it typically means the long pronunciation of the vowel is used (e.g., bike, same, cute)
Irregular Plurals
- Diphthongs: two letters blended together that stand for one vowel sound (e.g., boy, bow, soil, about)
Possessive Nouns
- R-controlled vowel: the modified sound of a vowel that immediately precedes /r/ in the same syllable (e.g., cart, for, better, fur, bird)
Contractions
- Homonyms/Homophones: two words that sound alike, but are spelled differently and have different meanings (e.g., board/bored, flour/flower, ate/eight)
Consonant Generalizations
The letter y:
- y at the beginning of a syllable makes a consonant sound (e.g., yellow, yes); y in the middle or end of a syllable makes a vowel sound (e.g., happy, cry)
-ck:
- y at the beginning of a syllable makes a consonant sound (e.g., yellow, yes); y in the middle or end of a syllable makes a vowel sound (e.g., happy, cry)
-ch, -tch:
- y at the beginning of a syllable makes a consonant sound (e.g., yellow, yes); y in the middle or end of a syllable makes a vowel sound (e.g., happy, cry)
-dge, -ge:
- when a one syllable word ends in the /j/ sound, use –dge after a short vowel, -ge after a consonant or long vowel (e.g., edge, surge, sage)
Hard and soft g, c:
- when c or g is followed by the vowel e, i, or y, it makes a soft sound
(e.g., citrus, cycle, general, ginger);
- when c or g is followed by the vowel a, o, or u, it makes a hard sound
(e.g., cat, coffee, gum, good)
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